ABSTRACT Even though there are data published on HPV epidemiology in Ecuador, the distribution of genotypes in Guayaquil, the largest city in the country, has not been previously determined in a study including including both, men and women. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of 37 HPV genotypes in genital samples from Ecuadorian men and women living in the city of Guayaquil. Genital samples included in daily diagnostic routine were analyzed by the 37 HPV GenoArray Diagnostic Kit (Hybribio® Ltd., Sheung Wan, Hong Kong). The relative frequency of detectable genotypes was determined. HPV relative frequency according to sample characteristics, including sex and age groups, was compared using c2 test. From the 800 samples (400 men and 400 women), 411 (51.38%) were positive for HPV DNA. The obtained frequency was higher among samples from men (253/400 or 63.25%) in comparison to samples from women (158/400 or 39.50%), with a p value <0.05. Samples from men showed a higher frequency of HPV genotypes 6, 16, 18 and 11, while among samples from women genotypes 39, 16, 6 and 58 were the most frequent. Considering male and female samples together, genotypes 6, 16, 39 and 11 presented the highest frequencies. HPV DNA was detected in half of the studied samples, with a higher frequency among samples from men. Genotype 39 was the most frequent among women, and ranked third when samples from men and women are analyzed together.

RESUMO: Introdução: O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é considerado agente causador necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer da orofaringe, do colo do útero e anal. Na população feminina do Equador, o câncer de colo do útero é o segundo câncer ginecológico mais comum. No Equador, o número de estudos publicados sobre o HPV é pequeno, e a distribuição de genótipos ainda não foi estabelecida. Os dados limitados sugerem a presença de outros genótipos diferentes dos tipos 16 e 18. Objetivos: No presente estudo, foi estimada a prevalência de HPV 16, HPV 18 e outros 35 genótipos entre as mulheres equatorianas submetidas ao exame de rastreamento para câncer do colo do útero. Métodos: Amostras cervicais de rotina foram analisadas pelo (método) Linear Array(r) VPH (Roche). Resultados: Foram incluídas neste estudo 1.581 amostras cervicais de mulheres equatorianas. O HPV foi detectado em 689 (43,58%) amostras cervicais. Destas, 604 (38,20%) foram positivas para somente um genótipo de HPV, enquanto 85 (5.37%) amostras foram positivas para vários tipos. O genótipo 16 (5,50%) foi a variante mais frequentemente detectada nos casos com infecção única ou múltipla. HPV 33 (4,55%) e HPV 11 (3,80%) ficaram, respectivamente, em segundo e terceiro lugar em frequência entre todos os genótipos detectados. Conclusões: Outros genótipos virais de alto risco diferentes do que HPV 16 e HPV 18 são frequentemente detectados entre as mulheres equatorianas. A prevalência global de infecção cervical pelo HPV foi maior do que a observada em outros países da América do Sul.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary causative agent for developing oropharyngeal, anal and cervical cancer. Among women in Ecuadorian population, cervical cancer ranks as the second most common gynecological cancer. Not many studies about HPV burden have been published in Ecuador, and genotypes distribution has not been established yet. The little data available suggest the presence of other genotypes different than 16 and 18. Objectives: In the present study, we attempt to estimate the prevalence of HPV 16, HPV 18 and other 35 genotypes among Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was also estimated. Methods: Routine cervical samples were analyzed using Linear Array(r) HPV Genotyping test (Roche). Results: A total of 1,581 cervical samples obtained from Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening were included in this study. HPV DNA was detected in 689 cervical samples (43.58%). Of these samples, 604 (38.20%) were positive for a single HPV genotype, while another 85 (5.37%) samples were positive for multiple HPV types. Genotype 16 (5.50%) resulted in the most frequently detected type in both single and multiple infections. HPV 33 (4.55%) and HPV 11 (3.80%) occupied the second and the third place in frequency among all detected genotypes. Conclusions: Viral genotypes different from HPV 16 and HPV 18 are frequently detected among Ecuadorian women. The overall prevalence of HPV resulted higher than the one reported in other South American countries with a greater burden in the second and third decades of life.

RESUMO: Introdução: O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é considerado agente causador necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer da orofaringe, do colo do útero e anal. Na população feminina do Equador, o câncer de colo do útero é o segundo câncer ginecológico mais comum. No Equador, o número de estudos publicados sobre o HPV é pequeno, e a distribuição de genótipos ainda não foi estabelecida. Os dados limitados sugerem a presença de outros genótipos diferentes dos tipos 16 e 18. Objetivos: No presente estudo, foi estimada a prevalência de HPV 16, HPV 18 e outros 35 genótipos entre as mulheres equatorianas submetidas ao exame de rastreamento para câncer do colo do útero. Métodos: Amostras cervicais de rotina foram analisadas pelo (método) Linear Array(r) VPH (Roche). Resultados: Foram incluídas neste estudo 1.581 amostras cervicais de mulheres equatorianas. O HPV foi detectado em 689 (43,58%) amostras cervicais. Destas, 604 (38,20%) foram positivas para somente um genótipo de HPV, enquanto 85 (5.37%) amostras foram positivas para vários tipos. O genótipo 16 (5,50%) foi a variante mais frequentemente detectada nos casos com infecção única ou múltipla. HPV 33 (4,55%) e HPV 11 (3,80%) ficaram, respectivamente, em segundo e terceiro lugar em frequência entre todos os genótipos detectados. Conclusões: Outros genótipos virais de alto risco diferentes do que HPV 16 e HPV 18 são frequentemente detectados entre as mulheres equatorianas. A prevalência global de infecção cervical pelo HPV foi maior do que a observada em outros países da América do Sul.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary causative agent for developing oropharyngeal, anal and cervical cancer. Among women in Ecuadorian population, cervical cancer ranks as the second most common gynecological cancer. Not many studies about HPV burden have been published in Ecuador, and genotypes distribution has not been established yet. The little data available suggest the presence of other genotypes different than 16 and 18. Objectives: In the present study, we attempt to estimate the prevalence of HPV 16, HPV 18 and other 35 genotypes among Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was also estimated. Methods: Routine cervical samples were analyzed using Linear Array(r) HPV Genotyping test (Roche). Results: A total of 1,581 cervical samples obtained from Ecuadorian women undergoing cervical cancer screening were included in this study. HPV DNA was detected in 689 cervical samples (43.58%). Of these samples, 604 (38.20%) were positive for a single HPV genotype, while another 85 (5.37%) samples were positive for multiple HPV types. Genotype 16 (5.50%) resulted in the most frequently detected type in both single and multiple infections. HPV 33 (4.55%) and HPV 11 (3.80%) occupied the second and the third place in frequency among all detected genotypes. Conclusions: Viral genotypes different from HPV 16 and HPV 18 are frequently detected among Ecuadorian women. The overall prevalence of HPV resulted higher than the one reported in other South American countries with a greater burden in the second and third decades of life.

Ecuador es uno de los países latinoamericanos donde la fibrosis quística no ha sido profundamente estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la incidencia de esta patología identificar las 29 mutaciones europeas mas frecuentes que afectan a los pacientes fibroquísticos ecuatorianos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo que incluyó pacientes provenientes de las Fundación Fibrosis Quística y de los principales hospitales pediátricos del Ecuador. Los criterios de inclusión fueron la presencia de manifestaciones clínicas clásicas de fibrosis quística más dos pruebas del sudor por iontoforesis de pilocarpina positivas CI > 60 mEq/L. Se utilizó heteroduplex para identificar la mutación F508del y posteriormente se confirmó dichos resultados e identificó otras 28 mutaciones frecuentes de la población europea utilizando un test de hibridación reversa in situ (INNO-LiPA CFTR 29 + Tn). Sesenta y dos pacientes fueron incluidos y se logró identificar el 53,22% de todos los alelos mutados. Las mutaciones encontradas fueron F508del (37,1%), G85E (8,9%), G542X (2,4%), N1303K (2,4%), G551D (1,6%) y R334W (0,8%). La incidencia estimada de la fibrosis quística en el Ecuador (1:11.252) es muy similar a la de otros países latinoamericanos que poseen un gran porcentaje de población mestiza. Reportamos una de las frecuencias más altas de la mutación G85E en el mundo.

Ecuador is one of the Latin American countries where cystic fibrosis has not been thoroughly studied. The goal of this study was to establish the incidence of this specific pathology and the incidence of the 29 most common European CF mutations in Ecuador´s population.We performed a prospective-descriptive study with the intention of including patients registered at the Ecuadorian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation as well as the main pediatric hospitals in Ecuador. The inclusion criteria were clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis plus two positive pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat tests (CI > 60 mEq/L). We tested F508del mutation by heteroduplex method and then, we confirmed these results and searched for other 28 frequent European mutations aside from F508del by a reverse dot blot technique (INNO-LiPA CFTR 29 + Tn). Sixty two unrelated patients were included. Both heteroduplex and reverse dot blot methods identified 53.22% of all mutations. The estimated Ecuadorian cystic fibrosis incidence was 1:11,252. The mutations found and their incidence were F508del (37.1%), G85E (8.9%), G542X (2.4%), N1303K (2.4%), G551D (1.6%) and R334W (0.8%). The incidence of cystic fibrosis in Ecuador is closely similar to other Latin American countries where there is a large “mestizo” population. We are reporting one of the highest incidences of G85E in the world.